The New Testament features many fascinating characters, among whom Matthew stands out as one of the twelve apostles chosen by Jesus. Interestingly, Matthew is also known by another name, Levi. This dual naming raises questions about his identity and the reasons behind the use of two names. Understanding why Matthew has two names involves delving into the historical, cultural, and theological contexts of the New Testament era.
The Dual Identity of Matthew
Matthew, also known as Levi, is introduced in the Gospels as a tax collector who becomes one of Jesus’ closest disciples. The dual identity of Matthew/Levi is explicitly mentioned in the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke.
Matthew 9:9: “As Jesus passed on from there, he saw a man called Matthew sitting at the tax booth, and he said to him, ‘Follow me.’ And he rose and followed him.”
Mark 2:14: “And as he passed by, he saw Levi the son of Alphaeus sitting at the tax booth, and he said to him, ‘Follow me.’ And he rose and followed him.”
Luke 5:27-28: “After this, he went out and saw a tax collector named Levi, sitting at the tax booth. And he said to him, ‘Follow me.’ And leaving everything, he rose and followed him.”
See Also: When Was the Gospel of Luke Written?
The key point here is the consistent narrative across the synoptic Gospels about Matthew/Levi’s calling, suggesting a significant overlap between the two names.
Cultural and Historical Context
In the first-century Jewish context, it was not uncommon for individuals to have more than one name. This practice could be attributed to several reasons:
Cultural Integration: Many Jews during this period lived in a Hellenistic world where they interacted with Greek and Roman cultures. As a result, it was common for them to have both a Hebrew name and a Greek or Latin name. For instance, Saul of Tarsus was also known as Paul.
Occupational Titles: Sometimes names reflected an individual’s occupation or social status. As a tax collector, Levi might have used his Greek name, Matthew, in his professional capacity to deal with the Roman authorities and the broader Greco-Roman populace.
Personal Transformation: In biblical narratives, a change of name often signifies a transformation or new phase in an individual’s life. For example, Abram became Abraham, and Simon became Peter. Matthew’s transition from Levi, the tax collector, to Matthew, the apostle, could symbolize his conversion and new identity in Christ.
Theological Implications
Matthew’s dual identity carries deep theological implications. The use of two names highlights the transformative power of Jesus’ call and the inclusivity of his ministry.
Transformation through Christ: The name Levi, associated with a despised profession, emphasizes the radical nature of Matthew’s transformation. Tax collectors were often viewed as traitors and sinners, collaborating with the occupying Roman forces. Jesus’ call to Levi, who then becomes Matthew, underscores the message that Jesus came to call sinners to repentance and to transform their lives.
Inclusivity of Jesus’ Ministry: By calling Levi, Jesus demonstrated that his message and ministry were for all, including those marginalized by society. The acceptance and commissioning of Levi as Matthew, one of the twelve apostles, illustrate the breaking down of social barriers and the formation of a new community of believers.
Symbol of Grace: Matthew’s story is a powerful testament to grace. Despite his past as a tax collector, he is given a new identity and a significant role in the early Christian community. This reflects the core Christian belief that no one is beyond redemption and that everyone has a place in God’s plan.
The Role of Matthew in the Early Church
Matthew, as one of the twelve apostles, played a crucial role in the early Christian movement. His dual identity as Matthew/Levi may have contributed to his effectiveness in bridging different cultural contexts within the early Church.
Gospel Authorship: Traditionally, Matthew is credited with the authorship of the Gospel that bears his name. This Gospel is known for its Jewish perspective, frequently referencing the Old Testament and portraying Jesus as the fulfillment of Jewish prophecy. As a former tax collector familiar with both Jewish and Roman worlds, Matthew would have been well-suited to address a diverse audience.
Missionary Work: Early Church traditions suggest that Matthew conducted missionary work in various regions, possibly including Persia and Ethiopia. His ability to navigate different cultural and linguistic environments would have been advantageous in spreading the Gospel.
Community Leadership: Matthew’s background as a tax collector implies that he possessed organizational skills and an understanding of administrative matters. These skills could have been invaluable in the formation and leadership of early Christian communities.
Conclusion
The dual naming of Matthew as Levi and Matthew is a reflection of the rich cultural, historical, and theological tapestry of the New Testament. This dual identity signifies the transformative power of Jesus’ call, the inclusivity of his ministry, and the profound grace that redefines individuals regardless of their past. Matthew’s role in the early Church, as an apostle and Gospel writer, underscores the importance of his dual identity in bridging cultural divides and fostering the growth of the Christian faith. The story of Matthew/Levi is a powerful reminder of the radical nature of Christian transformation and the inclusive reach of Jesus’ message.